淺析礦山水土污染與防治對策

Analysis of Water and Soil pollution in Mines and Countermeasures

Environment and Resource / 2021,3(1)：38-47 / 2021-03-18 623 609

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• 作者： 丁莉     
• 單位：

  長江大學，荊州

• 關鍵詞： 礦山環境；水土污染；礦山污染物；污染評價
• Mine environment; Water and soil pollution; Mine pollutants; Pollution assessment
• 摘要： 礦山水土環境污染是采礦活動引發的主要環境地質問題之一，我國礦山數量眾多，水土污染比較普遍， 尤以金屬礦山最為嚴重，礦山水土污染防治是今后開展國土空間生態保護修復的重要內容。文章基于全國礦山 地質環境摸底調查成果資料，對礦業活動不同階段的水土污染風險，以及不同礦山的水土污染類型、特征和污 染物遷移演化規律等進行了研究。分析指出：礦業活動過程包括勘探、建礦、開采、洗選、冶煉等多個階段， 而水土污染風險貫穿于礦業活動全過程，不同階段的污染風險不同；礦產資源開發造成的水土污染物類型、特 征因開采的礦產類型不同而不同，呈現出特征污染物與礦體母巖的高度相關性；礦山及其周邊的污染物的遷移 作用受污染物自身的物理化學性質和外界環境條件的影響，在礦山長期持續開采條件下礦山水土污染物存在累 積效應，而礦產資源集中開采區的污染物擴散表現出疊加效應；通過某典型水土環境污染分析評價案例研究， 初步證實了上述推斷。根據我國礦山水土環境污染的多發性和復雜性特點，建議今后加強礦山水土污染防治應 區分不同類型礦山、不同地質環境條件、不同污染物特征、不同污染程度等，采取分類施策、系統修復、標本 兼治，實現礦山環境明顯改善。
• Water and soil pollution in mines is one of the main environmental geological problems caused by mining activities. There are a large number of mines in China, and water and soil pollution is common, especially in metal mines. The prevention and control of water and soil pollution in mines is an important content of ecological protection and restoration of land and space in the future. Based on the survey data of national mine geological environment, this paper studies the risk of water and soil pollution in different stages of mining activities, as well as the types and characteristics of water and soil pollution and the migration and evolution of pollutants in different mines. It is pointed out that the process of mining activities includes exploration, construction, mining, washing, smelting and other stages, and the risk of water and soil pollution runs through the whole process of mining activities, and the pollution risk in different stages is different; the types and characteristics of water and soil pollutants caused by the development of mineral resources are different The results show that the characteristics of pollutants are highly correlated with the ore body parent rock; the migration of pollutants in the mine and its surrounding areas is affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pollutants themselves and the external environmental conditions, and the water and soil pollutants in the mine are accumulated under the condition of long-term continuous mining Through a case study of a typical water and soil environmental pollution analysis and evaluation, the above inference is preliminarily confirmed. According to the frequent and complex characteristics of mine water and soil pollution in China, it is suggested that the prevention and control of mine water and soil pollution should be strengthened in the future. Different types of mines, different geological environment conditions, different pollutant characteristics and different pollution degrees should be distinguished, and classified measures should be taken, systematic restoration and standard and cost control should be taken to achieve obvious improvement of mine environment.
• DOI： https://doi.org/10.35534/er.0301004c
• 引用： 丁莉．淺析礦山水土污染與防治對策［J］．環境與資源，2021，3（1）：38-47． https://doi.org/10.35534/er.0301004c